Conclusion: LEDs are more efficient than other common light sources because of the way they generate light

1. Incandescent bulbs work by heating a thin tungsten wire until it glows

This method is simple and cheap but highly inefficient. Only about 5% of the energy turns into visible light; the rest is wasted as heat (which is why you shouldn't touch a lit bulb) or as infrared radiation, which we can't see. This is all about black body radiation, which you can read more about on Wikipedia.

2. Halogen lamps are a bit better

They still use a filament, but with some clever engineering, they can run at higher temperatures, which means more of their light is in the visible range. They're hotter too, so they need a quartz envelope instead of glass to avoid melting.

3. Fluorescent lamps, like CFLs, work differently

They use a voltage to excite mercury atoms inside the lamp, causing them to emit UV light. The inside of the lamp is coated with phosphors that absorb the UV and re-emit it as visible light. This method is much more efficient than incandescent bulbs because it produces light at specific wavelengths, unlike the broad spectrum of a black body.

4. LEDs use another method altogether

These are semiconductor devices designed with a specific band gap that allows electrons to jump between energy states. When they return to a lower energy state, they release a photon in the visible range. This process is very efficient because the necessary voltages and energy gaps can be finely tuned to minimize waste. LEDs are also line sources like fluorescents but are even more efficient.

5. One more point

The Sun is a black body (odd term for something so bright, I know), and we're used to its light. That's why incandescent lights feel more natural than CFLs or LEDs. Both LED lamps and CFLs try to mimic the visible part of a black body spectrum to make the light more comfortable for our eyes, though they give up some efficiency to do so.

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